



Independent Submission                                       G. Fioccola
Request for Comments: 9947                                       T. Zhou
Category: Experimental                                            Huawei
ISSN: 2070-1721                                                G. Mishra
                                                            Verizon Inc.
                                                                 X. Wang
                                                                  Ruijie
                                                                G. Zhang
                                                            China Mobile
                                                             M. Cociglio
                                                              March 2026


   Application of the Alternate-Marking Method to the Segment Routing
                                 Header

Abstract

   This document describes an alternative experimental approach for the
   application of the Alternate-Marking Method to Segment Routing for
   IPv6 (SRv6).  It uses an experimental TLV in the Segment Routing
   Header (SRH); thus, participation in this experiment should be
   between coordinating parties in a controlled domain.  This approach
   has potential scaling and simplification benefits over the technique
   described in RFC 9343, and the scope of the experiment is to
   determine whether those are significant and attractive to the
   community.

   This protocol extension has been developed outside the IETF as an
   alternative to the IETF's Standards Track specification RFC 9343 and
   it does not have IETF consensus.  It is published here to guide
   experimental implementation and ensure interoperability among
   implementations to better determine the value of this approach.
   Researchers are invited to submit their evaluations of this work to
   the Independent Submissions Editor or to the IETF SPRING Working
   Group as Internet-Drafts.

Status of This Memo

   This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
   published for examination, experimental implementation, and
   evaluation.

   This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
   community.  This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently
   of any other RFC stream.  The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this
   document at its discretion and makes no statement about its value for
   implementation or deployment.  Documents approved for publication by
   the RFC Editor are not candidates for any level of Internet Standard;
   see Section 2 of RFC 7841.

   Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
   https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9947.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2026 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction
     1.1.  Observations on RFC 9343
     1.2.  Requirements Language
   2.  Application of the Alternate-Marking Method to SRv6
     2.1.  Controlled Domain
   3.  Definition of the SRH AltMark TLV
     3.1.  Base Alternate-Marking Data Fields
     3.2.  Optional Extended Data Fields for Enhanced Alternate
           Marking
   4.  Use of the SRH AltMark TLV
     4.1.  Compatibility
   5.  Experimentation Overview
     5.1.  Objective of the Experiment
   6.  Security Considerations
   7.  IANA Considerations
   8.  References
     8.1.  Normative References
     8.2.  Informative References
   Acknowledgements
   Contributors
   Authors' Addresses

1.  Introduction

   [RFC9341] and [RFC9342] describe a passive performance measurement
   method, which can be used to measure packet loss, latency, and jitter
   on live traffic.  Since this method is based on marking consecutive
   batches of packets, the method is often referred as the "Alternate-
   Marking Method".

   The Alternate-Marking Method requires a marking field so that packet
   flows can be distinguished and identified.  [RFC9343] defines the
   standard for how the marking field can be encoded in a new TLV in
   either Hop-by-Hop or Destination Options Headers of IPv6 packets in
   order to achieve Alternate Marking.  This mechanism is equally
   applicable to Segment Routing for IPv6 (SRv6) networks [RFC8402].

   This document describes an alternative experimental approach that
   encodes the marking field in a new TLV carried in the Segment Routing
   Header (SRH) [RFC8754] of an SRv6 packet.  This approach is
   applicable only to SRv6 deployments.  It is intended to capitalize on
   the assumption that Segment Routing (SR) nodes are supposed to
   support fast parsing and processing of the SRH, while the SR nodes
   may not properly handle Destination Options, as discussed in
   [RFC9098] and [EH-LIMITS].  The experiment is to determine whether or
   not there are significant and attractive advantages to the community:
   if there are, the work may be brought back for IETF consideration.

   This protocol extension has been developed outside the IETF as an
   alternative to the IETF's Standards Track specification [RFC9343]; it
   does not have IETF consensus.  It is published here to guide
   experimental implementation and ensure interoperability among
   implementations to better determine the value of this approach.  As
   also highlighted in [IETF-EXPERIMENTS], when two protocol extensions
   are proposed to solve a single problem, an experiment can be
   initiated to gather operational experience and "determine which, if
   either, of the protocols should be progressed to the standards
   track."  This is the purpose of this document.  See Section 5 for
   more details about the experiment.

1.1.  Observations on RFC 9343

   Like any other IPv6 use case, Hop-by-Hop and Destination Options can
   also be used when the SRH is present.  As specified in [RFC8200], the
   Hop-by-Hop Options Header is used to carry optional information that
   needs to be examined at every hop along the path, while the
   Destination Options Header is used to carry optional information that
   needs to be examined only by the packet's destination node(s).

   When a Routing Header exists, because the SRH is a Routing Header,
   Destination Options present in the IPv6 packet before the SRH header
   are processed by the destination indicated in the SRH's route list.
   As specified in [RFC8754], SR segment endpoint nodes process the
   local Segment Identifier (SID) corresponding to the packet
   destination address.  Then, the destination address is updated
   according to the segment list.  The SRH TLV provides metadata for
   segment processing, while processing the SID, if the node is locally
   configured to do so.  Both the Destination Options Header before the
   SRH and the SRH TLV are processed at the node being indicated in the
   destination address field of the IPv6 header.

   The distinction between the alternatives is most notable for SRv6
   packets that traverse a network where the paths between sequential
   segment endpoints include multiple hops.  If the Hop-by-Hop Option is
   used, then every hop along the path will process the AltMark data.
   If the Destination Option positioned before the SRH is used, or the
   SRH AltMark TLV is used, then only the segment endpoints will process
   the AltMark data, unless the intermediate node has a different
   priority rule.

   Both [RFC9343] and the approach specified in this document can
   coexist.  Indeed, this document does not change or invalidate any
   procedures defined in [RFC9343].  However, deployment issues may
   arise, as further discussed below.

   The rest of this document is structured as follows:

   *  Section 2 covers the application of the Alternate-Marking Method
      to SRv6,

   *  Section 3 specifies the AltMark SRH TLV to carry the base data
      fields (Section 3.1) and the extended data fields (Section 3.2),

   *  Section 4 discusses the use of the AltMark TLV, and

   *  Section 5 describes the experiment and the objectives of the
      experimentation (Section 5.1).

1.2.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

2.  Application of the Alternate-Marking Method to SRv6

   SRv6 leverages the IPv6 SRH, which can embed TLVs to provide metadata
   for segment processing, as described in [RFC8754].  This document
   defines the SRH AltMark TLV to carry Alternate-Marking data fields
   for use in SRv6 networks, and it is an alternative to the method
   described in [RFC9343].  [RFC9343] defines how the Alternate-Marking
   Method can be carried in the Option Headers (Hop-by-Hop or
   Destination) of an IPv6 packet.  The AltMark data fields format
   defined in [RFC9343] is the basis of the AltMark SRH TLV introduced
   in Section 3.

   In addition to the base data fields of [RFC9343], the insertion of
   optional extended data fields that are not present in [RFC9343] is
   also allowed.  These extended data fields can support metadata for
   additional telemetry requirements, as further described below.

2.1.  Controlled Domain

   [RFC8799] introduces the concept of specific limited domain solutions
   and notes the application of the Alternate-Marking Method as an
   example.

   Despite the flexibility of IPv6, when innovative applications are
   proposed, they are often applied within controlled domains to help
   constrain the domain-wide policies, options supported, the style of
   network management, and security requirements.  This is also the case
   for applying the Alternate-Marking Method to SRv6.

   Therefore, the experiment of applying the Alternate-Marking Method to
   SRv6 MUST only be deployed within a controlled domain.  For SRv6, the
   controlled domain corresponds to an SR domain, as defined in
   [RFC8402].  The Alternate-Marking measurement domain overlaps with
   the controlled domain.

   The use of a controlled domain is also appropriate for the deployment
   of an experimental protocol extension.  Carefully bounding the domain
   reduces the risk of the experiment leaking out and clashing with
   other experiments or causing unforeseen consequences in wider
   deployments.

3.  Definition of the SRH AltMark TLV

   The AltMark SRH TLV is defined to carry the data fields associated
   with the Alternate-Marking Method.  The TLV has some initial fields
   that are always present and further extension fields that are present
   when Enhanced Alternate Marking is in use.

   Figure 1 shows the format of the AltMark TLV.

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     | SRH TLV Type  |  SRH TLV Len  |         Reserved              |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |              FlowMonID                |L|D|  Reserved |  NH   |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     ~              Optional extended data fields (variable)         ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

            Figure 1: The AltMark SRH TLV for Alternate Marking

   The fields of this TLV are as follows:

   SRH TLV Type:  The 8-bit identifier of the Alternate-Marking SRH TLV.
      The value for this field is taken from the range 124-126.  It is
      an Experimental code point that indicates a TLV that does not
      change en route.  Deployment of this document must coordinate the
      value used by all implementations participating in the experiment.
      Therefore, experiments should carefully consider any other
      implementations running in the controlled domain to avoid clashes
      with other SRH TLVs.

   SRH TLV Len:  The length of the Data Fields of this TLV in bytes.
      This is set to 6 when Enhanced Alternate Marking is not in use.

   Reserved:  Reserved for future use.  These bits MUST be set to zero
      on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   FlowMonID:  The Flow Monitoring Identification field.  It is a 20-bit
      unsigned integer as defined in [RFC9343].

   L:  The Loss flag, as defined in [RFC9343].

   D:  The Delay flag, as defined in [RFC9343].

   NH:  The NextHeader field.  It is used to indicate extended data
      fields are present to support Enhanced Alternate Marking as
      follows:

      *  NextHeader value of 0x0 means that there is no extended data
         field attached.

      *  NextHeader values of 0x1-0x8 are reserved for further usage.

      *  NextHeader value of 0x9 indicates the extended data fields are
         present as described in Section 3.2.

      *  NextHeader values of 0xA-0xF are reserved for further usage.

   Optional extended data fields may be present according to the setting
   of the NH field and as described in Section 3.2.

3.1.  Base Alternate-Marking Data Fields

   The base AltMark data fields are: the Loss (L) flag, the Delay (D)
   flag, and the Flow Monitoring Identification (FlowMonID) field, as in
   [RFC9343].

   L and D are the marking fields of the Alternate-Marking Method, while
   FlowMonID is used to identify monitored flows and aids the
   optimization of implementation and scaling of the Alternate-Marking
   Method.  Note that, as already highlighted in [RFC9343], the
   FlowMonID is used to identify the monitored flow because it is not
   possible to utilize the Flow Label field of the IPv6 Header.

   It is important to note that if the 20-bit FlowMonID is set by the
   domain entry nodes, there is a chance of collision even when the
   values are chosen using a pseudorandom algorithm; therefore, it may
   not be sufficient to uniquely identify a monitored flow.  In such
   cases, the packets need to be tagged with additional flow information
   to allow disambiguation.  Such additional tagging can be carried in
   the extended data fields described in Section 3.2.

3.2.  Optional Extended Data Fields for Enhanced Alternate Marking

   The optional extended data fields to support Enhanced Alternate
   Marking are illustrated in Figure 2.  They are present when the NH
   field of the AltMark TLV is set to 0x9.

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |           FlowMonID Ext               |M|F|W|R|  Len  | Rsvd  |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |           MetaInfo            |      Optional MetaData        ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     ~               Optional MetaData (variable)                    ~
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

       Figure 2: Optional Extended Data Fields for Enhanced Alternate
                                  Marking

   The extended data fields are as follows:

   FlowMonID Ext:  20-bit unsigned integer used to extend the FlowMonID
      in order to reduce the conflict when random allocation is applied.
      The disambiguation of the FlowMonID field is discussed in "IPv6
      Application of the Alternate-Marking Method" [RFC9343].

   Four different bit flags indicate special-purpose usage.

      M bit:  Measurement mode.  If M=0, it indicates that it is for
         segment-by-segment monitoring.  If M=1, it indicates that it is
         for end-to-end monitoring.

      F bit:  Fragmentation.  If F=1, it indicates that the original
         packet is fragmented; therefore, it is necessary to only count
         a single packet, ignoring all the following fragments with F
         set to 1.  Note that F is set to 0 for the first fragment.

      W bit:  Flow direction identification.  This flag is used if
         backward direction flow monitoring is requested to be set up
         automatically, so that the egress node is instructed to setup
         the backward flow monitoring.  If W=1, it indicates that the
         flow direction is forward.  If W=0, it indicates that the flow
         direction is backward.

      R bit:  Reserved.  This bit MUST be set to zero and ignored on
         receipt.

   Len:  Length.  Indicates the length of the extended data fields for
      Enhanced Alternate Marking as a multiple of 4 bytes.  It includes
      all of the fields shown in Figure 2 including any metadata that is
      present.

   Rsvd:  Reserved for further use.  These bits MUST be set to zero on
      transmission and ignored on receipt.

   MetaInfo:  A 16-bit Bitmap to indicate more metadata attached in the
      Optional MetaData field for enhanced functions.  More than one bit
      may be set, in which case the additional metadata is present in
      the order that the bits are set.  MetaInfo bits are numbered from
      0 as the most significant bit.  Three bits and associated metadata
      are defined as follows:

      bit 0:  If set to 1, it indicates that a 6-byte Timestamp is
       present as shown in Figure 3.

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
                                       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                       |    Timestamp(s)               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                 Timestamp(ns)                                 |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                 Figure 3: The Timestamp Extended Data Field

       This Timestamp can be filled by the encapsulation node and is
       taken all the way to the decapsulation node so that all the
       intermediate nodes can compare it against their local time and
       measure the one-way delay.  The Timestamp consists of two
       fields:

       Timestamp(s):  A 16-bit integer that carries the number of
          seconds.

       Timestamp(ns):  A 32-bit integer that carries the number of
          nanoseconds.

       Note that the Timestamp data field enables all the intermediate
       nodes to measure the one-way delay.  It can be correlated with
       the implementation of [IPFIX] and [YANG-TELEMETRY].  [IPFIX]
       introduces new IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) information
       elements to expose the On-Path Telemetry measured delay.
       Similarly, [YANG-TELEMETRY] defines a YANG data model for
       monitoring On-Path Telemetry data, including the path delay.

      bit 1:  If set to 1, it indicates the control information to set
       up the backward direction flow monitoring based on the trigger
       packet presence as shown in Figure 4.

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |  DIP Mask     |  SIP Mask     |P|I|O|V|S|T|    Period         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

          Figure 4: Control Information for Backward Direction Flow
                                  Monitoring

       The control information includes several fields and flags to
       match in order to set up the backward direction:

       DIP Mask:  The length of the destination IP prefix used to
          match the flow.

       SIP Mask:  The length of the source IP prefix used to match the
          flow.

       P bit:  If set to 1, it indicates to match the flow using the
          protocol identifier in the trigger packet.

       I bit:  If set to 1, it indicates to match the source port.

       O bit:  If set to 1, it indicates to match the destination
          port.

       V bit:  If set to 1, the node will automatically set up reverse
          direction monitoring and allocate a FlowMonID.

       S bit:  If set to 1, it indicates to match the Differentiated
          Services Code Point (DSCP).

       T bit:  Used to control the scope of tunnel measurement.  T=1
          means measure between Network-to-Network Interfaces (i.e.,
          NNI to NNI).  T=0 means measure between User-to-Network
          Interfaces (i.e., UNI to UNI).

       Period:  Indicates the Alternate-Marking period counted in
          seconds.

      bit 2:  If set to 1, it indicates that a 4-byte Sequence Number is
       present as shown in Figure 5.

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                    Sequence Number                            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                     Figure 5: Sequence Number Data Field

       The unique Sequence Number can be used to detect the out-of-
       order packets, in addition to enabling packet loss measurement.
       Moreover, the Sequence Number can be used together with the
       latency measurement to access per-packet Timestamps.

4.  Use of the SRH AltMark TLV

   Since the measurement domain is congruent with the SR-controlled
   domain, the procedure for AltMark data encapsulation in the SRv6 SRH
   is summarized as follows:

   *  Ingress SR Node: As part of the SRH encapsulation, the Ingress SR
      Node of an SR domain or an SR Policy [RFC9256] that supports the
      mechanisms defined in this document and that wishes to perform the
      Alternate-Marking Method adds the AltMark TLV in the SRH of the
      data packets.

   *  Intermediate SR Node: The Intermediate SR Node is any node
      receiving an IPv6 packet where the destination address of that
      packet is a local Segment Identifier (SID).  If an Intermediate SR
      Node is not capable of processing the AltMark TLV, it simply
      ignores it according to the processing rules of [RFC8754].  If an
      Intermediate SR Node is capable of processing the AltMark TLV, it
      checks if the SRH AltMark TLV is present in the packet and
      processes it.

   *  Egress SR Node: The Egress SR Node is the last node in the segment
      list of the SRH.  The processing of AltMark TLV at the Egress SR
      Node is the same as the processing of AltMark TLV at the
      Intermediate SR Nodes.

   The use of the AltMark TLV may be combined with the network
   programming capability of SRv6 [RFC8986].  Specifically, the ability
   for an SRv6 endpoint to determine whether to process or ignore some
   specific SRH TLVs (such as the AltMark TLV) may be based on the SID
   function associated with the SID advertised by an Intermediate or
   Egress SR Node and used in the Destination Address field of the SRv6
   packet.  When a packet is addressed to a SID that does not support
   the Alternate-Marking functionality, the receiving node does not have
   to look for or process the SRH AltMark TLV and can simply ignore it.
   This also enables collection of Alternate-Marking data only from the
   supporting segment endpoints.

4.1.  Compatibility

   As highlighted in Section 1.1, the use of the Destination Option to
   carry the AltMark data preceding the SRH is equivalent to the SRH
   AltMark TLV.  Therefore, it is important to analyze what happens when
   both the SRH AltMark TLV and the Destination Option are present, and
   how that would impact processing and complexity.

   It is worth mentioning that the SRH AltMark TLV and the Destination
   Option carrying AltMark data can coexist without problems.  If both
   are present, the only issue could be the duplication of information,
   but this will not affect in any way the device and the network
   services.  Both this document and [RFC9343] require a controlled
   domain for security purposes, which confines this duplication to a
   single service provider network.  Duplication of the same information
   in different places should be avoided, and analyzing the use of only
   the SRH AltMark TLV is recommended as part of this experiment.

5.  Experimentation Overview

   The protocol extension described in this document is built on
   existing technology using an Experimental code point.  Experiment
   participants must use a code point chosen from the Experimental
   range, as noted in Section 3, and should make it possible for the
   operator to configure the value used in a deployment such that it is
   possible to conduct multiple non-conflicting experiments within the
   same network.

   This experiment aims to determine whether or not the use of the SRH
   AltMark TLV brings advantages, in particular, in consideration of
   implementations that cannot support multiple IPv6 extension headers
   in the same packet, or which do not support Destination Options
   Header processing, or which process the Destination Options Header on
   the slow path.

   This experiment also needs to determine whether the proposed protocol
   extensions achieve the desired function and can be supported in the
   presence of normal SRv6 processing.  In particular, the experiment
   needs to verify the ability to support SR network programming, SID
   function control, and the support or non-support of the AltMark TLV.

   It is anticipated that this experiment will be contained within a
   single service provider network in keeping with the constraints of an
   SR domain, and also in keeping with the limits in sharing performance
   monitoring data collected on the path of packets in the network.  The
   scope of the experimental deployment may depend on the availability
   of implementations and the willingness of operators to deploy it on
   live networks.

   The results of this experiment will be collected and shared with the
   Independent Submissions Editor or with the IETF SPRING Working Group
   as Internet-Drafts to help progress the discussions that will
   determine the correct development of Alternate-Marking Method
   solutions in SRv6 networks.  It is expected that initial results will
   be made available within two years of the publication of this
   document as an RFC.

5.1.  Objective of the Experiment

   Researchers are invited to evaluate the SRH AltMark TLV against the
   existing approach in [RFC9343].  There are several potential areas of
   exploration for this experimentation that need to be analyzed:

   *  Does the use of the SRH AltMark TLV survive across a network
      better or worse than the use of an extension header?

   *  Does the SRH TLV processing represent a performance improvement or
      hindrance on the device as compared to the Destination Option?

   *  Is the forwarding plane performance impacted across different
      device architecture types when comparing the use of the SRH TLV
      with the use of Destination Option?

   *  How does use of the extended data fields, introduced in
      Section 3.2, compare to other on-path telemetry methods from the
      point of view of the operators?

6.  Security Considerations

   The security considerations of SRv6 are discussed in [RFC8754] and
   [RFC8986], and the security considerations of Alternate Marking in
   general and its application to IPv6 are discussed in [RFC9341] and
   [RFC9343].

   [RFC9343] analyzes different security concerns and related solutions.
   These aspects are valid and applicable also to this document.  In
   particular, the fundamental security requirement is that Alternate
   Marking MUST only be applied in a limited domain, as also mentioned
   in [RFC8799] and Section 2.1.

   Alternate Marking is a feature applied to a trusted domain, where a
   single operator decides on leveraging and configuring Alternate
   Marking according to their needs.  Additionally, operators need to
   properly secure the Alternate-Marking domain to avoid malicious
   configuration and attacks, which could include injecting malicious
   packets into a domain.  Therefore, the implementation of Alternate
   Marking is applied within a controlled domain where the network nodes
   are locally administered and where packets containing the AltMark TLV
   are prevented from entering or leaving the domain.  A limited
   administrative domain provides the network administrator with the
   means to select, monitor, and control the access to the network.

7.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no IANA actions.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8402]  Filsfils, C., Ed., Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L.,
              Decraene, B., Litkowski, S., and R. Shakir, "Segment
              Routing Architecture", RFC 8402, DOI 10.17487/RFC8402,
              July 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8402>.

   [RFC9341]  Fioccola, G., Ed., Cociglio, M., Mirsky, G., Mizrahi, T.,
              and T. Zhou, "Alternate-Marking Method", RFC 9341,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9341, December 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9341>.

   [RFC9342]  Fioccola, G., Ed., Cociglio, M., Sapio, A., Sisto, R., and
              T. Zhou, "Clustered Alternate-Marking Method", RFC 9342,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9342, December 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9342>.

   [RFC9343]  Fioccola, G., Zhou, T., Cociglio, M., Qin, F., and R.
              Pang, "IPv6 Application of the Alternate-Marking Method",
              RFC 9343, DOI 10.17487/RFC9343, December 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9343>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [EH-LIMITS]
              Herbert, T., "Limits on Sending and Processing IPv6
              Extension Headers", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-ietf-6man-eh-limits-19, 27 February 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-6man-eh-
              limits-19>.

   [IETF-EXPERIMENTS]
              Bonica, R. and A. Farrel, "IETF Experiments", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-bonica-gendispatch-exp-07,
              19 January 2026, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-bonica-gendispatch-exp-07>.

   [IPFIX]    Graf, T., Claise, B., and A. H. Feng, "Export of Delay
              Performance Metrics in IP Flow Information eXport
              (IPFIX)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              opsawg-ipfix-on-path-telemetry-23, 30 September 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-opsawg-
              ipfix-on-path-telemetry-23>.

   [RFC8200]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.

   [RFC8754]  Filsfils, C., Ed., Dukes, D., Ed., Previdi, S., Leddy, J.,
              Matsushima, S., and D. Voyer, "IPv6 Segment Routing Header
              (SRH)", RFC 8754, DOI 10.17487/RFC8754, March 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8754>.

   [RFC8799]  Carpenter, B. and B. Liu, "Limited Domains and Internet
              Protocols", RFC 8799, DOI 10.17487/RFC8799, July 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8799>.

   [RFC8986]  Filsfils, C., Ed., Camarillo, P., Ed., Leddy, J., Voyer,
              D., Matsushima, S., and Z. Li, "Segment Routing over IPv6
              (SRv6) Network Programming", RFC 8986,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8986, February 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8986>.

   [RFC9098]  Gont, F., Hilliard, N., Doering, G., Kumari, W., Huston,
              G., and W. Liu, "Operational Implications of IPv6 Packets
              with Extension Headers", RFC 9098, DOI 10.17487/RFC9098,
              September 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9098>.

   [RFC9256]  Filsfils, C., Talaulikar, K., Ed., Voyer, D., Bogdanov,
              A., and P. Mattes, "Segment Routing Policy Architecture",
              RFC 9256, DOI 10.17487/RFC9256, July 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9256>.

   [YANG-TELEMETRY]
              Fioccola, G., Zhou, T., Zhu, Y., Zhang, W., and K. Zhu,
              "On-Path Telemetry YANG Data Model", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-ippm-on-path-telemetry-yang-02,
              2 January 2026, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-ietf-ippm-on-path-telemetry-yang-02>.

Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Eliot Lear, Adrian Farrel, Joel
   M. Halpern, and Haoyu Song for the precious comments and suggestions.

Contributors

   The following people provided relevant contributions to this
   document:

   Fabio Bulgarella
   Telecom Italia
   Email: fabio.bulgarella@guest.telecomitalia.it


   Massimo Nilo
   FiberCop
   Email: massimo.nilo@fibercop.com


   Fabrizio Milan
   FiberCop
   Email: fabrizio.milan@fibercop.com


Authors' Addresses

   Giuseppe Fioccola
   Huawei
   Viale Martesana, 12
   20055 Vimodrone (Milan)
   Italy
   Email: giuseppe.fioccola@huawei.com


   Tianran Zhou
   Huawei
   156 Beiqing Rd.
   Beijing
   100095
   China
   Email: zhoutianran@huawei.com


   Gyan S. Mishra
   Verizon Inc.
   Email: gyan.s.mishra@verizon.com


   Xuewei Wang
   Ruijie
   Email: wangxuewei1@ruijie.com.cn


   Geng Zhang
   China Mobile
   Email: zhanggeng@chinamobile.com


   Mauro Cociglio
   Email: mauro.cociglio@outlook.com
